This is a NUO Network Process Quality Audit started on 20 May 2020 and completed on 18 June 2020. This was one of the first audits which explains why it took a month. It was performed using the Process Audit process (version 0.2), then revised to process 0.4 as the score weights were balanced. The process is documented here. The audit was performed by ShinkaRex of Caliburn Consulting. Check out our Telegram.

The final score of the audit is 28%, quite low. The breakdown of the scoring is in Scoring Appendix.

Disclaimer

This report is for informational purposes only and does not constitute investment advice of any kind, nor does it constitute an offer to provide investment advisory or other services. Nothing in this report shall be considered a solicitation or offer to buy or sell any security, future, option or other financial instrument or to offer or provide any investment advice or service to any person in any jurisdiction. Nothing contained in this report constitutes investment advice or offers any opinion with respect to the suitability of any security, and the views expressed in this report should not be taken as advice to buy, sell or hold any security. The information in this report should not be relied upon for the purpose of investing. In preparing the information contained in this report, we have not taken into account the investment needs, objectives and financial circumstances of any particular investor. This information has no regard to the specific investment objectives, financial situation and particular needs of any specific recipient of this information and investments discussed may not be suitable for all investors.

Any views expressed in this report by us were prepared based upon the information available to us at the time such views were written. Changed or additional information could cause such views to change. All information is subject to possible correction. Information may quickly become unreliable for various reasons, including changes in market conditions or economic circumstances.

This completed report is copyright (c) DeFiSafety 2021. Permission is given to copy in whole, retaining this copyright label.

Executed Code Verification

This section looks at the executing code deployed on the Mainnet that gets audited and its corresponding software repository. The document explaining these questions is here. This audit will answer the questions;

1. Is the deployed code address(s) readily available? (Y/N)

2. Is the code actively being used? (%)

3. Are the Contract(s) Verified/Verifiable? (Y/N)

4. Does the code match a tagged version in the code hosting platform? (%)

5. Is the software repository healthy? (%)

Is the executing code address(s) readily available? (Y/N)

They are available at Address 0x64d14595152B430CF6940Da15C6e39545c7c5B7e as indicated iat https://github.com/NuoNetwork/contracts-v2.. This Audit only covers the contract Reserve.

Is the code actively being used? (%)

Activity is more than 100 transactions a day, as indicated in the Appendix.

Percentage Score Guidance

100% More than 10 transactions a day

70% More than 10 transactions a week

40% More than 10 transactions a month

10% Less than 10 transactions a month

0% No activity

Are the Contract(s) Verified/Verifiable? (Y/N)

0x64d14595152B430CF6940Da15C6e39545c7c5B7e is the Etherscan verified contract address.

Does the code match a tagged version on a code hosting platform? (%)

All of the deployed code does match the code in the zeus contracts repository. There is no release for the deployed code and there is extra code in the repository for other contracts (KyberConnector and Migrations) that are not in the deployed code, nor are they explained. There is some leftover code in Escrow.sol in the GitHub for truffle compilation that is not in the deployed code. For this reason, a score of 60% was given

GitHub address : https://github.com/NuoNetwork​

Deployed contracts in the following file

Matching Repository: https://github.com/NuoNetwork/contracts-v2/tree/master/zeus-contracts​

How to improve this score

Ensure there is a clearly labelled repository holding all the contracts, documentation and tests for the deployed code. Ensure an appropriately labeled tag exists corresponding to deployment dates. Release tags are clearly communicated.

Is development software repository healthy? (Y/N)

On the “contracts-v2” repository there are 3 commits, 1 branch, 1 contributor and no releases. This is not a healthy GitHub. See appendix .

How to improve this score

Ensure there is a clearly labelled repository holding all the contracts, documentation and tests for the deployed code. Continue to test and perform other verification activities after deployment, including routine maintenance updating to new releases of testing and deployment tools.

Documentation

This section looks at the software documentation. The document explaining these questions is here.

Required questions are;

1. Is there a whitepaper? (Y/N)

2. Are the basic application requirements documented? (Y/N)

3. Do the requirements fully (100%) cover the deployed contracts? (%)

4. Are there sufficiently detailed comments for all functions within the deployed contract code (%)

5. Is it possible to trace software requirements to the implementation in code (%)

Is there a whitepaper? (Y/N)

Location: ??

How to improve this score

Ensure the white paper is available for download from your website or at least the software repository. Ideally update the whitepaper to meet the capabilities of your present application.

Are the basic application requirements documented? (Y/N)

Location: ??

No requirements are visible on the website or the github repository.

How to improve this score

Write the document based on the deployed code. For guidance, refer to the SecurEth System Description Document.

Do the requirements fully (100%) cover the deployed contracts? (%)

How to improve this score

This score can improve by adding content to the requirements document such that it comprehensively covers the requirements. For guidance, refer to the SecurEth System Description Document . Using tools that aid traceability detection will help.

Are there sufficiently detailed comments for all functions within the deployed contract code (%)

There is virtually no commenting throughout the code. Most comments are the TODO notes and the author’s name. 2 functions in reserve.sol have basic commenting, no others. Code examples are in the Appendix. As per the SLOC, there is 2% commenting to code.

How to improve this score

This score can improve by adding comments to the deployed code such that it comprehensively covers the code. For guidance, refer to the SecurEth Software Requirements.

Is it possible to trace software requirements to the implementation in code (%)

No traceability artifacts are evident in the requirements document or the code. It does not appear to be any intention of the developers. For this reason a score of 0% is unavoidable. In their defense, very few blockchain development programs use traceability yet.

How to improve this score

This score can improve by adding content to the requirements document such that it comprehensively covers the requirements. For guidance, refer to the SecurEth System Description Document . Using tools that aid traceability detection will help.

Testing

This section looks at the software testing available. It is explained in this document. This section answers the following questions;

1. Full test suite (Covers all the deployed code) (%)

2. Code coverage (Covers all the deployed lines of code, or explains misses) (%)

3. Scripts and instructions to run the tests (Y/N)

4. Packaged with the deployed code (Y/N)

5. Report of the results (%)

6. Formal Verification test done (%)

7. Stress Testing environment (%)

Matching repository : https://github.com/NuoNetwork/contracts-v2/tree/master/zeus-contracts and https://github.com/NuoNetwork/nuo-audited-contracts​

Is there a Full test suite? (%)

In the deployed contract repository there is no test directory and thus absolutely no tests. However three months after deployment, similar code underwent tests and there is indication of preparation for an audit. The test levels are quite basic. As per the software lines of code Appendix: Software Lines of Code, there is a 70% test to code ratio. While testing was started for basic unit tests only, it does not appear complete.

How to improve this score

This score can improve by adding tests to fully cover the code. Document what is covered by traceability or test results in the software repository.

Code coverage (Covers all the deployed lines of code, or explains misses) (%)

As there are no tests in the deployed repository, coverage is not possible. However three months after deployment, similar code underwent tests. Looking at the scripts to run this code, there is no evident code coverage effort.

How to improve this score

This score can improve by adding tests achieving full code coverage. A clear report and scripts in the software repository will guarantee a high score.

Scripts and instructions to run the tests (Y/N)

Location: https://github.com/NuoNetwork/nuo-audited-contracts​

Packaged with the deployed code (Y/N)

The deployed code was saved in the zeus contract repository. The tests and scripts were stored in the subsequent repository for the audit.

How to improve this score

Improving this score requires redeployment of the code, with the tests. This score gives credit to those who test their code before deployment and release them together. If a developer adds tests after deployment they can gain full points for all test elements except this one.

Report of the results (%)

No test results or reports were saved in either repository.

How to improve this score

Add a report with the results. The test scripts should generate the report or elements of it.

Formal Verification test done (%)

No evidence of Formal Validation was found. This is still a rare type of test.

Stress Testing environment (%)

No evidence of an active test network was found for the existing deployed protocol.

Audits

Audits should take place before the deployment with corrections if the audit indicates them. It appears Nuo had an audit 3 months after deployment as the repository created for this purpose indicates. The audit report is NOT public. There are evident corrections (as indicated by AccountFactoryV2.sol).

I assume the audit took place after deployment. Nuo does not advertise that it had an audit. The results are not public and no improvements were deployed. Based on this a score of 10% as they are between point 4 and 5, below.

As per the standards below; 10%

1. Multiple Audits performed before deployment and results public and implemented or not required (100%)

2. Single audit performed before deployment and results public and implemented or not required (90%)

3. Audit(s) performed after deployment and no changes required. Audit report is public. (70%)

4. No audit performed (20%)

5. Audit Performed after deployment, existence is public, report is not public and no improvements deployed (0%)

Appendices

Author Details

The author of this audit is Rex of Caliburn Consulting.

Email : [email protected] Twitter : @ShinkaRex

I started with Ethereum just before the DAO and that was a wonderful education. It showed the importance of code quality. The second Parity hack also showed the importance of good process. Here my aviation background offers some value. Aerospace knows how to make reliable code using quality processes.

I was coaxed to go to EthDenver 2017 and there I started SecuEth.org with Bryant and Roman. We created guidelines on good processes for blockchain code development. We got EthFoundation funding to assist in their development.

Process Quality Audits are an extension of the SecurEth guidelines that will further increase the quality processes in Solidity and Vyper development.

Career wise I am a business development for an avionics supplier.

Scoring Appendix

Deployed Code Appendix

Healthy Code Appendix

Code Used Appendix

Example Code Appendix

pragma solidity 0.4.24;
​
import "./lib/dappsys/DSThing.sol";
import "./lib/dappsys/DSStop.sol";
import "./lib/utils/Proxy.sol";
import "./Account.sol";
import "./Config.sol";
import "./Utils.sol";
/**
* @author Rohit Soni ([email protected])
*/
​
// TODO: should disable account?
​
contract AccountFactory is DSStop, Utils {
  Config public config;
  mapping (address => bool) public isAccount;
  mapping (address => address[]) public userToAccounts;
  address[] public accounts;
​
  address public accountMaster;
​
  constructor
  (
      Config _config,
      address _accountMaster
  )
  public
  {
      config = _config;
      accountMaster = _accountMaster;
  }
​
  event LogAccountCreated(address indexed user, address indexed account, address by);
​
  modifier onlyAdmin() {
      require(config.isAdminValid(msg.sender), "AccountFactory::_ INVALID_ADMIN_ACCOUNT");
      _;
  }
​
  function setConfig(Config _config) external note auth addressValid(_config) {
      config = _config;
  }
​
  function setAccountMaster(address _accountMaster) external note auth addressValid(_accountMaster) {
      accountMaster = _accountMaster;
  }
​
  function newAccount(address _user)
      public
      note
      onlyAdmin
      addressValid(config)
      addressValid(accountMaster)
      whenNotStopped
      returns
      (
          Account _account
      )
  {
      address proxy = new Proxy(accountMaster);
      _account = Account(proxy);
      _account.init(_user, config);
​
      accounts.push(_account);
      userToAccounts[_user].push(_account);
      isAccount[_account] = true;
​
      emit LogAccountCreated(_user, _account, msg.sender);
  }
​
  function batchNewAccount(address[] _users) public note onlyAdmin {
      for (uint i = 0; i < _users.length; i++) {
          newAccount(_users[i]);
      }
  }
​
  function getAllAccounts() public view returns (address[]) {
      return accounts;
  }
​
  function getAccountsForUser(address _user) public view returns (address[]) {
      return userToAccounts[_user];
  }
​
}

SLOC Appendix

Solidity Contracts

Comments to Code 47/ 1949 = 2%

Javascript Tests

Tests to Code 1358 / 1959 = 70%